| dc.identifier.citation | Anjarsari, S. (2011). Politeness Strategies of Criticizing: A Study on A Movie The Ugly Truth (Pragmatics Study). Surakarta: digilib.uns.ac.id. Austin J.L. (1962). How To Do Things With Words. New York: Oxford University Press. Ardiyani, Septiana. (2014). Interlanguage of Criticism by Indonesian Learners of English. Surakarta: digilib.uns.ac.id. Bach, Kent. 1994. Meaning and Communication. Retrieved from www.sfsu.edu on November 2015 at 5 PM. Bogdan, R. C & Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and. Methods (4th ed.). New York: Pearson Education Group. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. (1987). ‘‘Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or Different?” Journal of Pragmatics11, 131–146. Brown, J.D. (2001). Pragmatics tests: Different purposes, different tests. In K. Rose & G. Kasper (Eds.), Pragmatics in Language Teaching, 301–325. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Choyimah, Nurul. (2014). Disagreeing Strategies in University Classroom Discussions among Indonesian EFL Learners. International Journal of Linguistics,132-152. Faqih, G. (2013). Comparative Study on Politeness Strategy between Javanese and English Address System Found in Panyebar Semangat "Wahyu Mustika Aji" and Hello Magazine "Final Evidence": A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Purworejo: Unpublished. Hoa, H. T. (2007). Criticizing Behaviors by the Vietnamese and the American: Topics, Social Factors and Frequency. VNU Journal of Science, 141-154. Isaac, Stephen, and Michael, William B. (1971). Handbook in Research and Evaluation. California: Edits Publishers. Johnson, Nat. (2007). A Consideration of Assessment Validity In Relation To Classroom Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge Assessment. Karyasuta, I Wayan Gede. (2015). Positive Politeness Strategies of Criticism in a Movie entitled "Fury". Denpasar: Unpublished. Kulka, B. (2000). Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP). Mc Milan, 196-213. Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman Group Limited. Leech, Geoffrey N. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mills, Sara. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nguyen, T. T. (2008). Criticizing in an L2: Pragmatic Strategies Used by Vietnamese EFL Learners. Intercultural Pragmatics, 41-66. Parker, Frank. 1999. Linguistics for Non-Linguistics. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. Riekkinen, Niina. (2009). Softening Criticism: The Use of Lexical Hedges in Academic Spoken Interaction. Helsinki: Unpublished. Searle, John R. (1971), The Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London and New York: Longman. Victorina, Elvira. (2014). Teachers' Politeness Strategy in Criticizing Classroom Presentation. Salatiga: Unpublished. Wijayanto, A. (2013). The Emergence of the Javanese Sopan and Santun (Politeness) on the Refusal Strategies Used by Javanese Learners of English. The Internet Journal Language, Culture and Society, 34-47. Yanti, Y. (2008). Speech Act of Criticizing Used by Women and Men. Padang: Unpublished. Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | id_ID |
| dc.description.abstract | In communication, sometimes people give negative evaluation as a criticism
to others in several kinds of conditions. In order to convey their critiques, the
speakers will try to find the best words in a best way so the listeners would not feel
threaten. Here, the use of politeness strategy is regarded as the best way in order to
fulfill the purpose in criticizing.
The study on criticism is worth to be done as the act of criticizing is one of
the act that highly potential to threaten the face of the hearers. Various strategies are
expected and recommended to be used by the speakers in order to alleviate the
threats.
A criticism can be realized by either direct or indirect strategies. Following
Blum-Kulka (1987), the directness level of a criticism in the present study was
determined by the degree of illocutionary transparency, and thus the amount of effort
needed to interpret the illocutionary point of this criticism. That is, it assumes that
‘‘the more indirect the mode of realization, the higher will be the interpretive
demands’’ (Blum-Kulka, 1987: 133). | id_ID |
