| dc.identifier.citation | Barnes P., Godfrey S., 1997. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Martin Dunitz Ltd. London : 1-28. Enright P., 1997, Office Spirometry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia Finlay G., O'Donnell, O'Connor , Hayes J., FitzGerald, 1996. Elastin and Collagen Remodeling in emfisema A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study. Am.J.Pathol,149: 1405-1415. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2006. Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, MCR Vision, Inc : 3 Hautamaki R., Kobayashi K., Senior R., Shapiro S., 1997. Requirement for Macrophage Elastase for Cigarette smoke Induced emfisema in Mice, 227 : 2002-4. Samet J., 1991. The Relationship of Smoking to COPD . Cherniack NS, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia : 249-54. Sastroasmoro S., Ismael S., 1995. Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta : 267-268. Senior R., Anthonisen N., 1998. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 157 : 139-47. Sharma S., 2000. Pulmonology Obstructive Airways Diseases, hhtp://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract Simon G., 1981. Diagnostik Roentgen, cetakan ke-2, Jakarta: Erlangga. Hal :328-332 Sutton D., 2003. Obstructive Airways Diseases, Texbook Radiology and Imaging : 168-172 Widjaja A., 1993. Penelitian Epidemiologi : Pengaruh lingkungan pada PPOM, Majalah Penyakit Dalam. FK. UNAIR Surabaya : 3-19. Woolston C., 1997. Smoking Mice Lead to emfisema Breakthrough, Washington University School of Medicine. | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | Emphysema as a condition of lung characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the
terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls. At first chronic inflammatory induced changed the
lung structure. The abnormality of lung structure can manifest in Posterio-anterior chest X-ray. Posterio-anterior
chest X-ray has good validity to establish change the lung structure. Posterio-anterior chest X-ray was a simple
examination and cheap as good as spirometry for a gold standard. This study maintained to get validity of Posterioanterior
chest X-ray to establish diagnosis of emphysema.This study is a diagnostic test were that performed in
Departement of Radiology RSUD Dr Moewardi Surakarta from July to October 2008. Samples of this study recruited
were 192 subjects with range of age between 18-81 years old, 154 men and 38 women. emphysema was diagnosed
if Posterio-Anterior chest X-ray showed : 1)Hyperinflation 2) Hyperlucency 3) Decrease and flattened of diaphragma
and 4) Tear drop appearance of the heart, to determine either emphysema or non emphysema. emphysema was
diagnosed if met with all criteria above. Spirometry showed obstruction with criteria of GOLD 2006, mild
obstruction if FEV1/ FVC < 70%, FEV1 > 80% predicted, moderate obstruction if FEV1/FVC < 70%, 50%< FEV1<80%
predicted, severe obstruction if FEV1/FVC < 70%, 30%< FEV1<50% predicted and very severe obstruction if
FEV1/FVC < 70%, FEV1< 30% or FEV1<50% predicted plus chronic respiratory failure. F r om 1 9 2 s u b j e c t s
performed Posterio-Anterior chest X-ray, 126 subjects (66%) were diagnosed with emphysema and non
emphysema were diagnosed in 66 subjects (34%). Posterio-Anterior chest X-ray emphysema with obstruction were
establishe in 117 subjects (93%) and non obstruction were diagnosed in 9 subjects (7%). Posterio-Anterior chest Xray
non emphysema with obstruction were diagnosed in 12 subjects (18%) and non obstruction were diagnosed in
54 subjects (82%). Smoking habits was higher in emphysema Posterio-anterior chest X-ray group than non
emphysema group. The validity of Posterio-Anterior chest X-ray to establish diagnosis of emphysema was 90.6% in
sensitifity and 84.3% in spesifisity. Posterio-Anterior chest X-ray has good validity to establish diagnosis
emphysema. Posterio-anterior chest X-ray was a simple examination and cheap as good as spirometry for a gold
standard. | en_US |
