| dc.identifier.citation | Agarwal, A. K. (2007). “Biofuels (Alcohol and Biodiesel) Applications as Fuels for Internal Combustions Engines”. Progress in Energy and Combustión Science. 33. 233-271. Agreda, V. H. and Parin, L. R. (1990). “High Purity Methyl Acetat via Reactive Distillation”. Chemical Engineering Progress. 86 (2). 40-46. Altiokka, M. R. and Citak, A. (2003). “Kinetics Study of Esterifikasi of Acetic Acid with Isobutanol in the Presence of Amberlite Catalyst”. Applied Catalysis A General. 230. 141-148. Araujo, L. R. R., Scofielda, C. F., Pasturaa, N. M. R. and Gonzalez, W. A. (2006). “H3PO4/Al2O3 Catalysts: Characterization and Catalytic Evaluation of Oleic Acid Conversion to Biofuels and Biolubricant”. Materials Research. 9. 181-184. Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Product. (1996).5th ed. Edited by Y.H. Hui, Wiley- Interscience Publication, USA. Bart, H. J., Reidetschlager, J., Schatka, K. and Lehmann, A. (1994). “Kinetics of Esterification Levulinic Acid with n-Butanol by Homogeneous Catalysis”. Industrial Engineering Chemical Research. 33. 21-25. Bhatia, S., Mohamed, A. R., Ahmad, A. L., Chin, Y. (2006). “Production Of Isopropyl Palmitate In A Catalytic Distillation Column: Comparison Between Experimental and Simulation Studies”. Computers and Chemical Engineering. 31. 1187-1198. Bock, H., Wozny, G and Gutsche, B. (1997). “Design and Control of a Reaction Distillation Column Including the Recovery System”. Chemical Engineering and Processing. 36. 101-109. Calvar, N., Gonzales, B., Dominguez, A. (2006). “Esterification Of Acetic Acid With Ethanol: Reaction Kinetics and Operation In A Packed Bed Reactive Distillation Column”. Chemical Engineering Process. xxx-xxx. 1-7. Chung, K. H., Chang, D. R. and Park, G. B. (2008). “Removal of Free Fatty Acid in Waste Frying Oil by Esterification With Methanol on Zeolite Catalysts”. Bioresource Technology. 99. 7438-7443. Cordeiro, C. S., Arizaga, G. G. C., Ramos, L. P. and Wypych, F. (2008). “A new zinc hydroxide nitrate heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification of free fatty acids and the transesterification of vegetable oils”. Catalysis communication. 9. 2140-2143. Darnoko, D and Cheryan, M. (2000). “Continuous Production of Palm Methyl Esters”. Journal of American Oil Chemical Society. 77. 1269-1272. Dhanuka, V. R., Malse, V. C. and Chandalia, S. B. (1977). “Kinetics of the Liquid Phase Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols in the Presence of Acid Catalyst: Re-Interpretation of Published Data”. Chemical Engineering Science. 32. 551-556. Doherty, M. F. and Buzard, G. (1998). “Reactive Distillation by Design” Chemical Engineering Research and Design,70,448-452. Fogler, S. H. (1999). “Elements of Chemical Engineering”. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall. New Jersey. Gerpen, V. J. (2005). “ Biodiesel Processing and Production”. Fuel Processing Technology. 86. 1097-1107. Goddard, R., Bosley, J. and Al-Duri, B. (2000). “Esterification of Oleoic Acid and Ethanol in Plug Flow reactor under Supercritical Conditions: Investigation of Kinetics”. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 18. 121-130. Goto, S., Tagawa, T. and Yusoff, A. (1991). “Kinetics of the Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Isobutyl Alcohol”. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics. 23. 17-26. Hanika, J., Smejkal, Q. and Kolena, J. (2001). “2-Methylpropylacetat Synthesis via Catalytic Distillation”. Catalysis Today. 66. 219-223. Harmsen, G. J. (2007). “Reactive Distillation: The Front-Runner Of Industrial Process Intensification A Full Review Of Commercial Applications, Research, Scale-Up, Design and Operation”. Chemical Engineering Process. 46. 774-780. Hartmut, G. S. and Bessling, B. (2003). “Reactive and Catalitic Distillation From An Industrial Prespective”. Chemical Engineering Process. 42. 145-155. He, B. B., Singh, A. P., Thompson, J. C. (2006). “A Novel Continuous-Flow Reactor Using Reactive Distillation For Biodiesel Production”. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 49. 107-112. Kirbaslar, I.., Baykal, Z. B. and Dramur, U. (2001). “Esterification of Acetic Acid with Ethanol Catalysed by an Acidic Ion-Exchange Resin”. Turkey Journal Engineering Environmental Science. 25. 569-577. Lange, J and Otten, V. (2006). “Dehydration Of Phenyl-Ethanol To Styrene: Zeolite Catalyst Under Reactive Distillation”. Journal of Catalyst. 238. 6-12. Kang, Y. W and Lee, Y. Y. (1992). “Phase and Reaction Equilibria of Acetic Acid-Ethyl Alcohol-Water-Ethyl Acetat Mixture”. Journal Chemical Engineering Japan. 25. 91-105. Kusmiyati. (1999). “ Kinetika Pembuatan Metil Ester Pengganti Minyak Disel Dengan Proses Metanolisis Tekanan Lebih Dari 1 atm”. Laporan Tesis Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta Lacaze-Dufaru, C. and Mouloungui, Z. (2000). “Catalyzed or Uncatalyzed Esterification Reaction of Oleic Acid with 2-ethyl Hexanol”. Applied Catalysis A: General. 204. 223-227. Lee, M., Chiu, J. and Lin, H. (2002). “Kinetics of Catalytic Esterification of Propionic Acid and n-Butanol over Amberlyst 35”. Industrial Engineering Chemical Research. 41. 2882-2887. Lilja, J., Murzin, D., Salmi, T., Aumo, J., Arvela, P. M. and Sundell, M. (2002). “Esterification of Different Acids over Heterogeneous and Homogeneneous Catalyst and Correlation with the Taft Equation”. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical. 182. 555-563. Marchetti, J. M. and Errazu, A. F. (2008). “Comparison of Different Heterogeneous Catalyst and Different Alcohols for The Esterification Reaction of Oleic Acid”, Fuel Journal. 47. 3477-3480. Omota, F., Dimian, A. C., Alfred Bliek, (2003). ”Fatty Acid Esterification By Reactive Distillation. Part 1: Equilibrium-Based Design”. Chemical Engineering Science. 58. 3159-3174. Omota, F., Dimian, A. C and Bliek, A. (2003). “Fatty Acid Esterification By Reactive Distillation: Part2: Part-Kinetics-Based Design For Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst”, Chemical Engineering Science. 58. 3175-3185. Saha, B., Chopade, S. P. and Mahajani S. M. (2000). “Recovery of Dilute Acetic Acid through Esterification in a Reactive Distillation Column”. Catalysis today. 60. 147-157. Seo, Y and Hong, W. H. (2000). “Kinetics of Esterification of Lactat Acid and Methanol in the Presence of Cation Exchange Resin using a Pseudo- Homogeneous Model”. Journal Chemical Engineering Japan. 33(1). 128-133. Svandova, Z., Kotora, M., Markos, J. And Jelemensky, L. (2006). Dynamic behaviour of a CSTR with reactive distillation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 119. 113-120. Sven Steinigeweg and Gmehling, J. (2002). “n-Butyl Acetate Synthesis via Reactive Distillation: Thermodynamic Aspects, Reaction Kinetics, Pilot- Plant Experiments and Simulation Studies”. Industrial Engineering Chemical. 41. 5483-5490. Unnithan, U. R and Tiwari, K. K. (1987). ”Kinetics of Esterification of Oleic Acid and Mixtures of Fatty Acids with Methanol using Sulfuric Acid and p- Toluene sulfonic Acid as Catalyst”. Indian Journal of Technology. 25. 477-479. Usta, N., Ozturk, E., Can, O., Conkur, E. S., Nas, S., Con, A. H., Can, N and Topcu, M. (2005). “Combustion of Biodiesel Fuel Product from Hazelnut Soapstock/ Waste Sunflower Oil Mixture in a Diesel Engine. Energy Conversion and Management. 46. 741-755. Vieville, C, Moulooungui, Z. and Gaset, A. (1993). “Esterification of Oleic Acid by Methanol Catalyzed by p-Toluenesulfonic Acid and the Cationexcange Resin K2411 and K1481 I Supercritical Carbon Dioxide”. Industrial Engineering Chemical Research. 32. 2065-2068 Yadav, G. D. and Mehta, P. H. (1996). “Heterogeneous Catalysis in Esterification Reactions: Preparation of Phenethyl Acetat and Cyclohexyl Acetat by using a Variety of Soled Acidic Catalysts”. Industrial Engineering Chemical Ressearch. 33. 2198-2208. Zang, J. C., Juan, J. C. and Yarmo, M. A. (2008). “Study of catalysts comprising zirconium sulfate supported on a mesoporous molecular sieve HMS for esterification of fatty acids under solvent-free condition” Journal of applied catalysis. 347. 133-141. Zhang, T. and Datta, R. (1995). “Integral Analysis of Methyl Tert-butyl Ether Synthesis Kinetics”. Industrial Engineering Chemical Ressearch. 34. 730-740. Zhicai, Y., Xianbao, C. and Jing, G. (1998). “Esterification-Distillation of Butanol and Acetic Acid”. Chemical Engineering Science. 53. 2081-2088. http://www.chemeng.ui.ac.id/~wulan/Materi/port/BAHAN%20CAIR.PDF (http://www.geocities.com/markal_bppt/publish/plckl/plsuar.pdf http:// www.andaka.com, februari 2008 http://dtwh2.esdm.go.id/dw2007/ (2008) http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/05/06/00300425/presiden.harga.bbm.aka n.naik. 6 Mei 2008 http://www.sripo-online.com/?urut=806&pil=berita_terkini. 16 Februari 2008 | en_US |
