| dc.identifier.citation | ACI 302. 2004. Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction (ACI 302.1R-04). ACI Manual of Concrete Practice. Detroit: American Concrete Institute. Aljuboori, A. H. R. 2013. Oil Palm Biomass Residue in Malaysia: Availability and Sustainability, International Journal of Biomass and Renewables, 2(1): 13 – 18. ASTM, C 494, Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Ballast, D. K. 2007. Handbook of Construction Tolerances. (2 Page-274 nd edition). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Burahcat, C. and Pichai, N. 1995. Influence of Support Continuity on the Structural Performance of Prefabricated Floor Slabs, Journal of National Research Council Thailand. 27(1):57 – 72. Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia. 2003. Guide to Residential Floors (2 Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia. Elliott, K. S. 1996. Multi-storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures. London: Blackwell Science Ltd. ENV 1994-1-1. 2004. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures – Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization. Goodchild, C. H. (1997) Economic Concrete Frame Elements. UK: British Cement Association. Hassoun, M. N. 2002. Structural Concrete: Theory and Design. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hassoun, M. N. and Al-Manaseer, A. 2005. Structural Concrete: Theory and Design. (3 nd edition). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoglund, M. 2007. Precast Concrete Façade Investigation. Concrete Repair Bulletin July/August 2007, pp 24 – 25. Matthew, P. W. and Bennett, D. H. (1990) Economic Long Span Concrete Floors. UK: British Cement Association. Ng, C. H., Ideris, Z., Narayanan, S. P., Mannan, M. A. and Kurian, V. J. (2007) Engineering Properties of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Hybrid Concrete for Lightweight Precast Floor Slab, Coventry University and UWM Center for By-Products Utilization International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 11 – 13 June 2007, UK. Ng, C. H., Kurian, V. J., Narayanan, S. P. and Mannan, M.A. (2006) Mix Design of Precast Concrete Slab Using Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as Coarse Aggregate, 2 nd Southeast Asian Natural Resources and Environmental Management Conference, 21 – 23 November 2006, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Park, R. 2003. The Fib State-of-the-art Report on the Seismic Design of Precast Concrete Building Structures, 2003 Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 011. Precast Flooring Federation. 2007. Code of Practice: For the Safe Erection of Precast Concrete Flooring and Associated Components. Leicester: Precast Flooring Federation. Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute. 2000. Tolerance Manual for Precast and Prestressed Concrete Construction. Illinois: Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute. The Borneo Post, 2013. “Sandakan Council t obuild low-cost houses”. 16 August 2013. The Occupational Safety and Health Service. 2002. Approved Code of Practice for The Safe Handling, Transportation and Erection of Precast Concrete. Wellington, New Zealand. The Star Online, 2013. “No immediate bubble risk for Malaysia’s property sector”, 28 August 2013. Warner, J. 2004. Practical Handbook of Grouting: Soil, Rock and Structures. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Inc. West, R. P. and Holmes, N. 2005. Predicting Moisture Movement During the Drying of Concrete Floors Using Finite Elements, Construction and Building Materials. 19:674 – 681. WorkSafe Victoria. 2002. Checklist for the Manufacturing of Precast Concrete Panels. www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/.../Checklist_manufacture_precast_panels.pdf, Retrieved 31 August 2009. | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | The need to provide affordable housing to ever-growing population nowadays has been continuously in great demand.
In Malaysia, there have been frequent emphasises and allocations to provide sufficient housing from the Malaysian
Plan to another. The more housing to be provided, the more concrete as one of the main building materials is
inevitably to be used directly causing serious depletion of non-renewable natural stones in the concrete production.
Tapping on the oil palm industry which has grown in a rapid pace over the past 20 years, using the oil palm shell
(OPS) as one of the by-products for construction industry is a sustainable approach. Malaysia being one of the largest
oil palm producers in the world generates more than 4 million tonnes of OPS annually, from which about 1.5 million
tonnes come from Sabah. The OPS is used as aggregate in concrete production forming OPS concrete which is
lightweight and its engineering properties fulfil the requirement as a lightweight concrete. In a typical building made
with concrete, floor slab being the largest element compared to other structural members consumes up to 44% of
concrete volume. Due to the low elasticity of OPS concrete, conventional crushed granite was added to OPS concrete
mix, as 30% replacement to OPS, to produce concrete known as OPS hybrid concrete to fabricate structural floor
panels. This paper discusses the performance of precast concrete floor panel namely C-Channel made with oil palm
shell (OPS) concrete with regards to construction tolerances, stacking, and erecting. The result of the water leaking
tests revealed that C-Channel floor panels can act monolithically under load application. | en_US |
